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使用鍵盤輸入

視窗會以按鍵訊息和字元訊息的形式接收鍵盤輸入。 附加至視窗的訊息循環必須包含程序代碼,才能將擊鍵訊息轉譯為對應的字元訊息。 如果視窗在其用戶區中顯示鍵盤輸入,它應該建立並顯示游標,以指出下一個字元將輸入的位置。 下列各節說明接收、處理及顯示鍵盤輸入所涉及的程式代碼:

處理擊鍵訊息

具有鍵盤焦點之視窗的視窗程式會在使用者輸入鍵盤時接收按鍵訊息。 擊鍵訊息為 WM_KEYDOWNWM_KEYUPWM_SYSKEYDOWNWM_SYSKEYUP。 除了 WM_KEYDOWN以外,一般視窗程式會忽略所有擊鍵訊息。 當使用者按下按鍵時,系統會張貼 WM_KEYDOWN 訊息。

當視窗程式收到 WM_KEYDOWN 訊息時,它應該檢查訊息隨附的虛擬按鍵程式代碼,以判斷如何處理擊鍵。 虛擬金鑰程式代碼位於訊息的 wParam 參數中。 一般而言,應用程式只會處理非字元索引鍵所產生的按鍵,包括函式索引鍵、游標移動鍵,以及 INS、DEL、HOME 和 END 等特殊用途索引鍵。

下列範例顯示一般應用程式用來接收和處理按鍵訊息的窗口程序架構。

case WM_KEYDOWN: 
	switch (wParam) 
	{ 
		case VK_LEFT: 
			// Process the LEFT ARROW key. 
			break; 

		case VK_RIGHT: 
			// Process the RIGHT ARROW key. 
			break; 

		case VK_UP: 
			// Process the UP ARROW key. 
			break; 

		case VK_DOWN: 
			// Process the DOWN ARROW key. 
			break; 

		case VK_HOME: 
			// Process the HOME key. 
			break; 

		case VK_END: 
			// Process the END key. 
			break; 

		case VK_INSERT: 
			// Process the INS key. 
			break; 

		case VK_DELETE: 
			// Process the DEL key. 
			break; 

		case VK_F2: 
			// Process the F2 key. 
			break; 

		default: 
			// Process other non-character keystrokes. 
			break; 
	}

翻譯字元訊息

接收使用者字元輸入的任何線程,都必須在其訊息迴圈中包含 translateMessage函式。 此函式會檢查擊鍵訊息的虛擬鍵代碼,如果該代碼對應至字元,則將字元訊息放入消息佇列中。 字元訊息會在訊息迴圈的下一次迭代中被移除並進行分派;訊息的 wParam 參數包含字元代碼。

一般而言,線程的訊息循環應該使用 TranslateMessage 函式來轉譯每個訊息,而不只是虛擬密鑰訊息。 雖然 TranslateMessage 對其他類型的訊息沒有任何影響,但它保證鍵盤輸入已正確翻譯。 下列範例示範如何在一般線程訊息迴圈中包含 TranslateMessage 函式。

MSG msg;
BOOL bRet;

while ((bRet = GetMessage(&msg, (HWND) NULL, 0, 0)) != 0) 
{
    if (bRet == -1);
    {
        // handle the error and possibly exit
    }
    else
    { 
        if (TranslateAccelerator(hwndMain, haccl, &msg) == 0) 
        { 
            TranslateMessage(&msg); 
            DispatchMessage(&msg); 
        } 
    } 
}

處理字元訊息

TranslateMessage 函式轉譯對應到字元鍵的虛擬按鍵代碼時,視窗程序會收到字元訊息。 字元訊息為 WM_CHARWM_DEADCHARWM_SYSCHARWM_SYSDEADCHAR。 典型的視窗程式會忽略除了 WM_CHAR以外的所有字元訊息。 TranslateMessage 函式會在使用者按下下列任一鍵時產生 WM_CHAR 訊息:

  • 任何字元鍵
  • BACKSPACE
  • ENTER(回車鍵)
  • ESC
  • SHIFT+ENTER (換行字元)
  • 標籤

當視窗程式收到 WM_CHAR 訊息時,它應該檢查訊息隨附的字元碼,以判斷如何處理字元。 字元碼位於訊息的 wParam 參數中。

下列範例顯示一般應用程式用來接收和處理字元訊息的窗口過程架構。

case WM_CHAR:
	switch (wParam)
	{
		case 0x08: // or '\b'
			// Process a backspace.
			break;
			
		case 0x09: // or '\t'
			// Process a tab.
			break;

		case 0x0A: // or '\n'
			// Process a linefeed.
			break;
			
		case 0x0D:
			// Process a carriage return.
			break;

		case 0x1B:
			// Process an escape.
			break;

		default:
			// Process displayable characters.
			break;
	}

使用插入號

接收鍵盤輸入的視窗通常會在視窗的工作區中顯示使用者輸入的字元。 窗口應該使用游標來表示下一個字元將出現在客戶區中的位置。 視窗也應該在收到鍵盤輸入焦點時建立並顯示插入號,並在失去焦點時隱藏和刪除插入號。 視窗可以在處理 WM_SETFOCUSWM_KILLFOCUS 訊息時執行這些作業。 如需插入號的詳細資訊,請參閱 插入號

顯示鍵盤輸入

本節中的範例顯示應用程式如何接收來自鍵盤的字元、在視窗的工作區中顯示字元,以及隨著每個字元的輸入更新游標的位置。 它也會示範如何在按下左箭頭、右箭頭、Home 和 End 鍵時移動游標,並顯示如何在按下 SHIFT+右箭頭組合鍵時反白選定的文字。

在處理 WM_CREATE 訊息期間,範例中顯示的視窗程式會配置 64K 緩衝區來儲存鍵盤輸入。 它也會擷取目前載入字型的計量,並儲存字型中字元的高度和平均寬度。 高度和寬度用於處理 WM_SIZE 訊息,根據工作區的大小計算行長度和行數上限。

視窗程式會在處理 WM_SETFOCUS 訊息時建立並顯示插入號。 它會在處理 WM_KILLFOCUS 訊息時隱藏和刪除插入號。

處理 WM_CHAR 訊息時,視窗程序會顯示字元、將它們儲存在輸入緩衝區中,並更新插入點位置。 視窗程序也會將製表符轉換成四個連續的空格符。 退格、換行和跳脫字元會產生嗶聲,但不會被進一步處理。

視窗程序在處理 WM_KEYDOWN 訊息時,執行游標的左移、右移、結束和起始移動。 在處理向右箭頭鍵的動作時,視窗程序會檢查 SHIFT 鍵的狀態,如果按下,則在游標移動時選取游標右邊的字元。

請注意,下列程式碼是撰寫成可被編譯為 Unicode 或 ANSI。 如果原始碼定義 UNICODE,字串會以 Unicode 字元處理;否則,它們會以 ANSI 字元的形式處理。

#define BUFSIZE 65535 
#define SHIFTED 0x8000 
 
LONG APIENTRY MainWndProc(HWND hwndMain, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) 
{ 
    HDC hdc;                   // handle to device context 
    TEXTMETRIC tm;             // structure for text metrics 
    static DWORD dwCharX;      // average width of characters 
    static DWORD dwCharY;      // height of characters 
    static DWORD dwClientX;    // width of client area 
    static DWORD dwClientY;    // height of client area 
    static DWORD dwLineLen;    // line length 
    static DWORD dwLines;      // text lines in client area 
    static int nCaretPosX = 0; // horizontal position of caret 
    static int nCaretPosY = 0; // vertical position of caret 
    static int nCharWidth = 0; // width of a character 
    static int cch = 0;        // characters in buffer 
    static int nCurChar = 0;   // index of current character 
    static PTCHAR pchInputBuf; // input buffer 
    int i, j;                  // loop counters 
    int cCR = 0;               // count of carriage returns 
    int nCRIndex = 0;          // index of last carriage return 
    int nVirtKey;              // virtual-key code 
    TCHAR szBuf[128];          // temporary buffer 
    TCHAR ch;                  // current character 
    PAINTSTRUCT ps;            // required by BeginPaint 
    RECT rc;                   // output rectangle for DrawText 
    SIZE sz;                   // string dimensions 
    COLORREF crPrevText;       // previous text color 
    COLORREF crPrevBk;         // previous background color
    size_t * pcch;
    HRESULT hResult; 
 
    switch (uMsg) 
    { 
        case WM_CREATE: 
 
            // Get the metrics of the current font. 
 
            hdc = GetDC(hwndMain); 
            GetTextMetrics(hdc, &tm); 
            ReleaseDC(hwndMain, hdc); 
 
            // Save the average character width and height. 
 
            dwCharX = tm.tmAveCharWidth; 
            dwCharY = tm.tmHeight; 
 
            // Allocate a buffer to store keyboard input. 
 
            pchInputBuf = (LPTSTR) GlobalAlloc(GPTR, 
                BUFSIZE * sizeof(TCHAR)); 
            return 0; 
 
        case WM_SIZE: 
 
            // Save the new width and height of the client area. 
 
            dwClientX = LOWORD(lParam); 
            dwClientY = HIWORD(lParam); 
 
            // Calculate the maximum width of a line and the 
            // maximum number of lines in the client area. 
            
            dwLineLen = dwClientX - dwCharX; 
            dwLines = dwClientY / dwCharY; 
            break; 
 
 
        case WM_SETFOCUS: 
 
            // Create, position, and display the caret when the 
            // window receives the keyboard focus. 
 
            CreateCaret(hwndMain, (HBITMAP) 1, 0, dwCharY); 
            SetCaretPos(nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY * dwCharY); 
            ShowCaret(hwndMain); 
            break; 
 
        case WM_KILLFOCUS: 
 
            // Hide and destroy the caret when the window loses the 
            // keyboard focus. 
 
            HideCaret(hwndMain); 
            DestroyCaret(); 
            break; 
 
        case WM_CHAR:
        // check if current location is close enough to the
        // end of the buffer that a buffer overflow may
        // occur. If so, add null and display contents. 
    if (cch > BUFSIZE-5)
    {
        pchInputBuf[cch] = 0x00;
        SendMessage(hwndMain, WM_PAINT, 0, 0);
    } 
            switch (wParam) 
            { 
                case 0x08:  // backspace 
                case 0x0A:  // linefeed 
                case 0x1B:  // escape 
                    MessageBeep((UINT) -1); 
                    return 0; 
 
                case 0x09:  // tab 
 
                    // Convert tabs to four consecutive spaces. 
 
                    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) 
                        SendMessage(hwndMain, WM_CHAR, 0x20, 0); 
                    return 0; 
 
                case 0x0D:  // carriage return 
 
                    // Record the carriage return and position the 
                    // caret at the beginning of the new line.

                    pchInputBuf[cch++] = 0x0D; 
                    nCaretPosX = 0; 
                    nCaretPosY += 1; 
                    break; 
 
                default:    // displayable character 
 
                    ch = (TCHAR) wParam; 
                    HideCaret(hwndMain); 
 
                    // Retrieve the character's width and output 
                    // the character. 
 
                    hdc = GetDC(hwndMain); 
                    GetCharWidth32(hdc, (UINT) wParam, (UINT) wParam, 
                        &nCharWidth); 
                    TextOut(hdc, nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY * dwCharY, 
                        &ch, 1); 
                    ReleaseDC(hwndMain, hdc); 
 
                    // Store the character in the buffer.
 
                    pchInputBuf[cch++] = ch; 
 
                    // Calculate the new horizontal position of the 
                    // caret. If the position exceeds the maximum, 
                    // insert a carriage return and move the caret 
                    // to the beginning of the next line. 
 
                    nCaretPosX += nCharWidth; 
                    if ((DWORD) nCaretPosX > dwLineLen) 
                    { 
                        nCaretPosX = 0;
                        pchInputBuf[cch++] = 0x0D; 
                        ++nCaretPosY; 
                    } 
                    nCurChar = cch; 
                    ShowCaret(hwndMain); 
                    break; 
            } 
            SetCaretPos(nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY * dwCharY); 
            break; 
 
        case WM_KEYDOWN: 
            switch (wParam) 
            { 
                case VK_LEFT:   // LEFT ARROW 
 
                    // The caret can move only to the beginning of 
                    // the current line. 
 
                    if (nCaretPosX > 0) 
                    { 
                        HideCaret(hwndMain); 
 
                        // Retrieve the character to the left of 
                        // the caret, calculate the character's 
                        // width, then subtract the width from the 
                        // current horizontal position of the caret 
                        // to obtain the new position. 
 
                        ch = pchInputBuf[--nCurChar]; 
                        hdc = GetDC(hwndMain); 
                        GetCharWidth32(hdc, ch, ch, &nCharWidth); 
                        ReleaseDC(hwndMain, hdc); 
                        nCaretPosX = max(nCaretPosX - nCharWidth, 
                            0); 
                        ShowCaret(hwndMain); 
                    } 
                    break; 
 
                case VK_RIGHT:  // RIGHT ARROW 
 
                    // Caret moves to the right or, when a carriage 
                    // return is encountered, to the beginning of 
                    // the next line. 
 
                    if (nCurChar < cch) 
                    { 
                        HideCaret(hwndMain); 
 
                        // Retrieve the character to the right of 
                        // the caret. If it's a carriage return, 
                        // position the caret at the beginning of 
                        // the next line. 
 
                        ch = pchInputBuf[nCurChar]; 
                        if (ch == 0x0D) 
                        { 
                            nCaretPosX = 0; 
                            nCaretPosY++; 
                        } 
 
                        // If the character isn't a carriage 
                        // return, check to see whether the SHIFT 
                        // key is down. If it is, invert the text 
                        // colors and output the character. 
 
                        else 
                        { 
                            hdc = GetDC(hwndMain); 
                            nVirtKey = GetKeyState(VK_SHIFT); 
                            if (nVirtKey & SHIFTED) 
                            { 
                                crPrevText = SetTextColor(hdc, 
                                    RGB(255, 255, 255)); 
                                crPrevBk = SetBkColor(hdc, 
                                    RGB(0,0,0)); 
                                TextOut(hdc, nCaretPosX, 
                                    nCaretPosY * dwCharY, 
                                    &ch, 1); 
                                SetTextColor(hdc, crPrevText); 
                                SetBkColor(hdc, crPrevBk); 
                            } 
 
                            // Get the width of the character and 
                            // calculate the new horizontal 
                            // position of the caret. 
 
                            GetCharWidth32(hdc, ch, ch, &nCharWidth); 
                            ReleaseDC(hwndMain, hdc); 
                            nCaretPosX = nCaretPosX + nCharWidth; 
                        } 
                        nCurChar++; 
                        ShowCaret(hwndMain); 
                        break; 
                    } 
                    break; 
 
                case VK_UP:     // UP ARROW 
                case VK_DOWN:   // DOWN ARROW 
                    MessageBeep((UINT) -1); 
                    return 0; 
 
                case VK_HOME:   // HOME 
 
                    // Set the caret's position to the upper left 
                    // corner of the client area. 
 
                    nCaretPosX = nCaretPosY = 0; 
                    nCurChar = 0; 
                    break; 
 
                case VK_END:    // END  
 
                    // Move the caret to the end of the text. 
 
                    for (i=0; i < cch; i++) 
                    { 
                        // Count the carriage returns and save the 
                        // index of the last one. 
 
                        if (pchInputBuf[i] == 0x0D) 
                        { 
                            cCR++; 
                            nCRIndex = i + 1; 
                        } 
                    } 
                    nCaretPosY = cCR; 
 
                    // Copy all text between the last carriage 
                    // return and the end of the keyboard input 
                    // buffer to a temporary buffer. 
 
                    for (i = nCRIndex, j = 0; i < cch; i++, j++) 
                        szBuf[j] = pchInputBuf[i]; 
                    szBuf[j] = TEXT('\0'); 
 
                    // Retrieve the text extent and use it 
                    // to set the horizontal position of the 
                    // caret. 
 
                    hdc = GetDC(hwndMain);
                    hResult = StringCchLength(szBuf, 128, pcch);
                    if (FAILED(hResult))
                    {
                    // TODO: write error handler
                    } 
                    GetTextExtentPoint32(hdc, szBuf, *pcch, 
                        &sz); 
                    nCaretPosX = sz.cx; 
                    ReleaseDC(hwndMain, hdc); 
                    nCurChar = cch; 
                    break; 
 
                default: 
                    break; 
            } 
            SetCaretPos(nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY * dwCharY); 
            break; 
 
        case WM_PAINT: 
            if (cch == 0)       // nothing in input buffer 
                break; 
 
            hdc = BeginPaint(hwndMain, &ps); 
            HideCaret(hwndMain); 
 
            // Set the clipping rectangle, and then draw the text 
            // into it. 
 
            SetRect(&rc, 0, 0, dwLineLen, dwClientY); 
            DrawText(hdc, pchInputBuf, -1, &rc, DT_LEFT); 
 
            ShowCaret(hwndMain); 
            EndPaint(hwndMain, &ps); 
            break; 
        
        // Process other messages. 
        
        case WM_DESTROY: 
            PostQuitMessage(0); 
 
            // Free the input buffer. 
 
            GlobalFree((HGLOBAL) pchInputBuf); 
            UnregisterHotKey(hwndMain, 0xAAAA); 
            break; 
 
        default: 
            return DefWindowProc(hwndMain, uMsg, wParam, lParam); 
    } 
    return NULL; 
}