The best way to get such data is via the audit log, which you can query via the /beta/security/auditLog/queries
endpoint: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/security-auditcoreroot-post-auditlogqueries?view=graph-rest-beta&tabs=http
You can scope the query to include just sharePointSharingOperation
events, and optionally scope it to a site/item. Keep in mind that the query is done asynchronously and you have to retrieve the results with additional call after it completes.